While anyone can develop pancreatic cancer, research has found several factors that may increase a person’s risk for developing it. Some of these risk factors are related to lifestyle and overall health, while others are linked to inherited gene mutations and family history.

Family History and Inherited Genetic Mutations

One of the most significant risk factors for pancreatic cancer is having a family history of the disease. If a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, your risk of developing it increases. The risk is even higher if multiple family members have had the disease.

About 10% of pancreatic cancer cases involve inherited genetic mutations. Certain hereditary syndromes and gene mutations can increase the likelihood of developing pancreatic cancer, including:


  • BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations
  • PALB2 mutations
  • Lynch syndrome
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Hereditary pancreatitis
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
  • Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
  • Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma (FAMMM)

These inherited mutations are also associated with other cancer types, including breast, ovarian, colorectal, and melanoma skin cancers. The risk of developing pancreatic cancer becomes higher if your family history includes diagnoses of these other cancers.

Genetic counseling can help those with inherited gene mutations or a family history of cancer determine whether genetic testing is appropriate. The results of genetic testing can guide screening and treatment recommendations for you and your family members.

Learn more about the Genetic Testing Program at Compass Oncology.

Lifestyle Choices

Not all pancreatic cancer risk factors are inherited. Several lifestyle choices have also been linked to an increased risk. Factors that can be controlled include:

Tobacco use

Those who smoke are twice as likely to develop pancreatic cancer compared to non-smokers.

Alcohol use

Consuming alcohol heavily is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Limiting alcohol intake to 1 to 2 drinks per day can significantly lower the risk.

Weight

Excess abdominal fat and being overweight can increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Regular exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight, which can lower the risk.

Diet

Diets high in red meat or processed food can contribute to an increased risk for pancreatic cancer, but a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may lower the risk.

Chemical and heavy metal exposure

Certain environmental chemicals and heavy metals, such as asbestos, benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and pesticides, can elevate the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Health Conditions and Other Factors Beyond Your Control

There are certain risk factors that are beyond your control, including:

Age

Most pancreatic cancer cases are in adults aged 60 years or older.

Diabetes

Patients who have had type 2 diabetes for more than five years have a higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Additionally, new-onset diabetes in adults over the age of 50 may be an early warning sign of pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas, whether chronic or hereditary, can increase the likelihood of pancreatic cancer.

Currently, there is no routine screening test recommended for people at average risk of pancreatic cancer. However, screening may be appropriate for those considered high risk.

High-risk individuals include those with a strong family history or inherited genetic syndromes. While having one or more risk factors does not mean you will definitely develop pancreatic cancer, your primary care physician may recommend genetic counseling and testing to determine whether screening is necessary.

High-risk pancreatic cancer screening may involve:

  • Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). This test uses a thin, flexible tube with an ultrasound probe attached to examine the pancreas from inside the digestive tract.

  • MRI and MRCP Imaging.

MRI-based imaging, including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), can be used to examine the pancreas and bile ducts.

When Should You Talk to Your Doctor About Your Risk?

If you have any family history of pancreatic cancer or other cancers, you should discuss this with your primary doctor. They can help you determine if you are at a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer and which tests may be the best for you based on your risk factors.

 

find out more about the genetic testing program at Compass Oncology